Researchers have discovered that medieval Córdoba boasted an infrastructure so advanced that it remained unmatched in Europe until the 20th century.
Between the 10th and 13th centuries, Córdoba developed a comprehensive approach to urban hygiene, reflected in its intricate sewage system, effective management of cesspools, and community initiatives aimed at maintaining cleanliness.
The findings of this research were published by scientists Rafael Blanco-Guzmán and Jesús Atensiano-Crespillo in the journal Al-Masāq: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean. Their conclusions are based on over 300 archaeological excavations and historical documents from the period of Al-Andalus, or Muslim Spain.
What Did the Researchers Report?
The extensive study presented a city that not only prioritized cleanliness infrastructure but also instilled a sense of civic responsibility for the environment among its residents.
At the heart of Córdoba’s exemplary sanitation was its complex sewage system. This system served the walled Medina, the core of the city during its time as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate. It likely began construction during the reign of Abd al-Rahman III and was expanded under Al-Mansur. The network of sewage facilities was built from sturdy hewn stone, sealed with lime mortar, and topped with stone slabs. Wastewater flowed through an underground system into the Guadalquivir River. Researchers suggest that the scale and complexity of this network indicate it was the product of centralized planning.
Interestingly, the sewage system proved remarkably durable. It continued to function after the Christian conquest in 1236, with some parts even operating for centuries thereafter, as reported by Arkeonews.
Meanwhile, hygiene infrastructure in residential areas was primarily represented by cesspools connected to toilets in private homes. These pits were generally shallow and located far from water sources. The soil itself acted as a natural filter to protect groundwater. This understanding of sanitation was shared by both the authorities and the residents of Córdoba.
What Else Did the Researchers Discover?
By the 10th century, toilets had become a common feature in the homes of people living in what is now modern-day Andalusia. These structures were often situated near streets to facilitate waste disposal through ceramic drains. In some cases, cesspools were shared among several neighboring households—typically by mutual agreement.
The culture of cleanliness in Córdoba extended beyond mere infrastructure; it was a societal obligation enshrined in legal norms. Residents were responsible for maintaining the cleanliness of the areas directly in front of their homes.
Municipal officials, such as the market overseer or judge, had the authority to intervene in disputes related to water pollution and other issues as necessary. Even the maintenance of cesspools was subject to regulation. The cleaning of these pits, performed by low-status workers, was fairly compensated.
According to the researchers, Córdoba’s achievements in sanitation challenge long-held stereotypes about medieval urban hygiene. The sanitation system in Córdoba was the result of clear planning, architectural design, and community cooperation. This medieval city was dedicated not only to beauty, education, and trade but also to the health and cleanliness of everyday life.