The relentless heat of Cerberus, named after the mythical monster guarding the gates of hell, shows no signs of letting up this summer. Meanwhile, researchers are noting that due to climate change, humanity will increasingly suffer from even more intense waves of scorching weather. Experts are examining how prolonged high temperatures can affect the human body and what steps can be taken to survive these conditions.
How Does Extreme Heat Affect the Human Body?
According to the Global Risks Report 2023, heatwaves—a prolonged period of hot weather compared to expected conditions—raise the risk of health deterioration and spikes in mortality. They can lead to a range of complications, such as dehydration, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke.
During dehydration, the body loses more fluid than it takes in, making the blood thicker and stickier. This also lowers blood pressure, complicating blood flow throughout the body, which can lead to blood clots and strokes.
Muscle cramps can also become more common due to dehydration, as electrolytes and minerals vital for muscle function are lost through sweat. Additionally, dehydration can cause a reduction in brain volume, leading to decreased energy levels and making everyday tasks more challenging.
Studies have also found that accidents and injuries (such as those from car crashes) are more prevalent during hot periods. Experts believe this occurs because heat impairs cognitive function, increasing the likelihood of mistakes.
Inhaling dry, hot, and polluted air can impact the respiratory system, causing constriction and narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe. This is especially challenging for those with asthma or COPD.
Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke
There is also a clear risk of heat exhaustion and heat stroke. These outcomes can result from inadequate fluid intake and moisture loss through sweating.
Heat exhaustion typically has minimal consequences if the patient can cool down within 30 minutes. In such cases, it is essential to cool the person down and provide fluids. Fatigue, dizziness, headaches, and nausea are the main signs of heat exhaustion.
However, heat stroke should be treated as an emergency, as it is far more deadly. It occurs when a person’s body temperature reaches 104°F (40°C) or higher. Symptoms include seizures or loss of consciousness.
In hot weather, hands, feet, and ankles may also swell. Heat causes blood vessels to expand, which can lead to fluid leakage into surrounding tissues, resulting in heat edema.
In addition to sunburns, skin rashes can also appear in the heat. While these are not harmful and typically resolve on their own within a few days, small raised patches of rash can itch and swell.
Who is at Risk from the Heat?
A heatwave can be dangerous for anyone, especially if they do not stay in a cool place and remain hydrated. However, older adults (especially those over 75) and individuals with chronic illnesses are at the highest risk.
Heatwaves also pose a significant threat to infants, young children, bedridden individuals, and those with Alzheimer’s disease. Overheating can exacerbate symptoms for those with heart problems and can be fatal. People who spend too much time outdoors or in hot places (like the top floor of an apartment) are more likely to suffer from health complications.
As reported by the Daily Mail, last year alone, 62,000 Europeans died from heat, the majority of whom were over 80 years old. Researchers warn that by 2040, the number of heat-related deaths in Europe could rise to 94,000 if effective heat prevention plans are not implemented.
How Much Heat Can a Person Endure Without Dying?
Research shows that temperatures above 95°F (35°C) are too high for the body. It has been found that the upper limit for how long people can endure is around 115°F (46°C) for six hours, assuming 50% humidity, or 95°F (35°C) at 100% humidity. If it gets hotter, the body can no longer cool itself through sweating.
However, other studies suggest that this figure may be even lower. American researchers concluded in a study last year that the maximum temperature at which people can function is 88°F (31°C) at 100% humidity or 100°F (38°C) at 60% humidity.
Tips for Staying Safe During the Heat
- Keep indoor spaces cool by closing curtains in sunlit rooms.
- Drink plenty of fluids and avoid excessive alcohol consumption.
- Never leave anyone (especially infants, young children, and pets) in a closed vehicle.
- Stay out of the sun from 11 AM to 3 PM when the heat is most intense.
- Seek shade, use sunscreen with a high SPF and UVA protection, and wear a wide-brimmed hat.
- Avoid strenuous activities during the hottest part of the day.
- Carry water with you when traveling.
- If possible, paint the roof of your building white to reflect heat.
How to Help Someone with Heat Exhaustion?
If someone is suffering from heat exhaustion, they need to be cooled down within half an hour. Move the affected person to a cool place and remove any unnecessary clothing. Provide them with a rehydration drink or cool water.
Next, cool the person’s skin by spraying or wiping them down with cool water. Cold compresses wrapped in cloth and placed under the armpits or on the neck are also helpful.
Stay with the affected person until they feel better. They should start to cool down and feel better within 30 minutes. However, if symptoms of heat exhaustion are severe, it is important to call for emergency assistance.