A team from the University of Miami, led by marine biologist Benjamin Minch and virologist Mohammad Moniruzzaman, utilized specialized software to identify microbial genomes in marine water samples. During their research, the scientists discovered 230 species of giant viruses previously unknown to science. The identification of these viruses is crucial for understanding life in the ocean, particularly the survival of simple marine organisms like algae, amoebas, and flagellates. “By deeply understanding the diversity and role of giant viruses in the ocean, as well as how they interact with algae and other oceanic microbes, we can predict and potentially control harmful algal blooms that pose a threat to human health,” noted Moniruzzaman.
Why Are Giant Viruses Important? Recent rapid advancements in genomic databases, analytical tools, and computer programs (like the one used in this study) have made the process of discovering giant viruses significantly easier than before. As a result, researchers have greatly expanded their understanding of how these viruses spread and behave, according to Science Alert. For instance, giant viruses are often responsible for the death of phytoplankton, tiny photosynthetic organisms commonly found in oceans, lakes, and rivers. These organisms are vital for marine life and food chains, producing a substantial amount of the Earth’s oxygen. Therefore, knowledge about the numerous virus species that prey on phytoplankton can aid in efforts to protect them.
In addition to the 230 new giant viruses, the researchers also identified 569 new functional proteins, nine of which are involved in photosynthesis. In some cases, viruses likely hijack the photosynthetic functions of their hosts to obtain the energy necessary for their survival. “We found that giant viruses possess genes involved in cellular functions, such as carbon metabolism and photosynthesis, which are traditionally found only in cellular organisms. This suggests that giant viruses play a significant role in manipulating the host’s metabolism during infection and influencing marine biogeochemistry,” remarked Minch.
The researchers classified the identified giant viruses into two groups: Imitervirales and Algavirales. These groups employ different infection strategies, with Imitervirales species being the most genetically complex. This indicates a more flexible “life strategy,” potentially allowing the virus to survive in a broader range of hosts. Every drop of seawater teems with viruses, and marine life actually helps protect us from many of them, scientists believe. Meanwhile, a vast number of viruses are still waiting to be discovered and cataloged. “This study has allowed us to lay the groundwork for improving tools to detect new viruses that will help monitor pollution and pathogens in our oceans,” concluded Minch. The findings were published in the journal Nature npj Viruses.